Cephalonia | The Ionian Island of Homeric Myths

Cephalonia, also known as Kefalonia, is one of the most beautiful Ionian islands, off Greece’s west coast. In my opinion, it is one of the most important islands, as its history spans centuries and its role during the Greek Independence was significant – as Lord Byron attests in his journals. The island, which is rich in mythology and history, is popular among both tourists and scholars.

Cephalonia Key Facts

Overview

Cephalonia is one of the most famous Ionian islands, and with good reason. It is an island that has it all, from mountains and verdant hills to azure beaches, delicious food, and a vibrant nightlife. From the bustling city of Argostoli to the picturesque villages, Cephalonia is a must-see destination. Visitors to Cephalonia come for more than just the beaches and taverns; the island is also a haven for history buffs and ecotourists.

Practical Travel Tips

Getting There

Cephalonia is accessible via a short ferry ride from Kyllini (mainland Greece) to Poros, Sami, or Agostoli. The island also has an international airport offering direct flights from various European destinations during peak tourist seasons.

Accessibility

The island is relatively easy to navigate, with well-maintained roads connecting major towns and attractions. Renting a car or scooter is recommended for exploring more remote areas and beaches.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Cephalonia is from late spring to early autumn (May to September), when the weather is warmer and you can enjoy the beaches and sea.

Duration of Visit

Visitors should plan on staying for at least 4 to 7 days to fully appreciate Cephalonia’s archaeological sites, beaches, and villages.

Budgeting

Overall, Cephalonia is less expensive than many of mainland Greece’s tourist hotspots, though it is not a low-cost destination. Budget hotels and luxury resorts are both available as accommodation. Expect to spend between 80€ and 150€ per day on food, transportation, and activities.

Local Amenities

In terms of amenities, Argostoli and Lixouri offer craft shops, pharmacies, bakeries, and local restaurants serving delicious Greek cuisine, making it simple to find everything you may require during your stay.

Cephalonia in Greek Mythology

Cephalonia is one of the Greek islands that features a variety of myths. From where it got its name to its link to Ithaca in Homer’s Odyssey, the island is connected to the mythological stories of Greece.

Cephalus and the name of the island

In mythology, Kefalonia is named after Cephalus, the island’s first king and legendary hero. He is said to have conquered the island during the Bronze Age, allied with the Mycenaeans and their prominent leaders, Amphitryon (father of Hercules) and Eleios (son of Perseus).

Cephalus is said to be the son of either Deion, the king of Phocaea, or the god Hermes and the priestess of Athena, Herse. Interestingly, the term “herse” etymologically means “drew,” which was considered a gift bestowed upon mortals by the moon goddess Selene. According to another version, Cephalus descended from Endymion, Aeolus’ son.

The myth of Cephalus also intertwines with Eos, the goddess of the dawn, who fell deeply in love with him and attempted to seduce him. She ultimately took him to Syria, where their son was born, known either as Tithonus or Phaethon.

Odysseus and Cephalonia

Perhaps the most well-known myth about Cephalonia is its association with Odysseus, the legendary King of Ithaca and the hero of Homer’s “Odyssey.” According to various interpretations, Cephalonia is thought to be the location of ancient Ithaca, rather than the actual island of Ithaca. According to R. Bittlestone, during the Bronze Age, the peninsula Paliki of Cephalonia was separated from the island and referred to as Ithaca.
Britomartis and the Docking of Ships

Another intriguing myth centers on Britomartis, a Cretan goddess of hunting associated with Cephalonia. According to legend, Britomartis sought refuge from the god Minos’ advances, which led her to the shores of Cephalonia, where she was honored by the locals. The island became known for its worship of Britomartis, also known as Laphria, and ancient festivals were held in her honour.

Cephalonia in Ancient Greek History

Aside from its role in Greek mythology, Cephalonia has a rich historical narrative spanning multiple periods, from antiquity to modern history.

Ancient Cephalonia: From Antiquity to the Romans

In ancient times, Cephalonia was divided into four city-states known as “Tetrapolis”: Cranii (modern Argostoli), Pale (Lixouri), Same (Sami), and Pronnoi. Each city-state operated independently, with its own government, currency, and temples, resulting in a distinct cultural identity. Notably, Cephalonia’s cities had a significant naval presence.

The island’s strategic location in the Ionian Sea made it critical during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). Cephalonia allied with Athens, sending troops and ships to help the Athenian forces defeat the Spartans and their allies. The city of Sami was especially well-known for its fierce resistance to outside invaders, with skilled hoplites fighting valiantly during this critical period in Greek history.

Following the Peloponnesian War, Cephalonia underwent a series of conquerors, including Macedonians and Hellenistic kings, resulting in fluctuating power dynamics. The island was officially under Roman control by around 189 BC, as the Roman Republic expanded. The architecture and infrastructure that the Romans left behind demonstrate their influence.

The influence of the Romans can be seen in the architecture and infrastructure they left behind.

Medieval and Venetian Rule

During the Byzantine Period, the island remained prosperous. Cephalonia was subjected to a series of invasions during the Middle Ages, including the Norman occupation, which began in the late eleventh century. This temporarily marginalized local governance. Following the Fourth Crusade, the island came under Venetian control in the early 13th century. The Venetians had a significant impact on Cephalonia’s culture, architecture, and economy. They built fortifications, public buildings, and infrastructure, turning Argostoli into a thriving port city.

Cephalonia prospered economically under Venetian rule, particularly in the export of currants and wine, and had a significant impact on the Ionian Islands as a leading trade hub until the late 18th century, when the Venetian Republic ended. The beautiful architecture of local churches and buildings, which we can still see today, reflects Venetian styles.

Restoration and Union with Greece

Further changes occurred in the early 19^th century, when Cephalonia was controlled by British, French, and Russian powers before the Ionian Islands were united. Local sentiment shifted towards unification with Greece, resulting in growing nationalism. Following a series of uprisings against British rule in 1848, Cephalonia formally joined the Kingdom of Greece in 1864, bringing an end to centuries of foreign rule.
Cephalonia now stands tall as a popular tourist destination and economic hub that is still thriving.

Exploring the Location: Cephalonia

When we visit Cephalonia, we can see a variety of sights; I, for one, enjoy both the beautiful villages and the archaeological sites. Let’s look at the most important archaeological sites to visit in Cephalonia. Don’t forget to visit the popular Myrtos Beach!

The Castle of St. George

This Byzantine fortress near Peratata is a wonderful remnant of Cephalonia’s medieval history. The castle served as a stronghold against invaders, and its ruins provide panoramic views of the island.

The Acropolis of Sami

This ancient site in the city of Sami includes remnants of a theater and other structures from Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Acropolis is significant for understanding the island’s governance and religious practices at the time.

The Mycenaean Tombs of Mazarakata

This impressive complex, unearthed in the 19th century, represents one of the largest known cemeteries from the Mycenaean period. 

Drogarati Cave

This stunning cave is filled with impressive stalactites and stalagmites, making it well worth a visit. It has also served as a concert venue due to its natural acoustics, which enhance the auditory experience.

The Roman Villa of Skala

The villa is notable for its well-preserved mosaics and architectural features. Ideal for history buffs looking to admire the luxurious lifestyles of the Romans who once occupied the island.

The Tholos Tomb at Tzanata

This burial site, which is thought to be the largest beehive-shaped tomb in the Ionian Islands, suggests the presence of a notable Mycenaean elite who followed traditional burial customs.

The Nautical Museum of Sami

This museum exhibits the maritime history of Cephalonia, including shipbuilding traditions that have shaped the island’s culture and economy. While not an archaeological site, it is still a fascinating museum.

Last Thoughts

Cephalonia is an island that has it all: delicious food, beautiful beaches, azure waters, picturesque mountain villages, hiking trails, mythological stories, archaeological sites, historical significance, and much more. It is an island that can accommodate all types of travelers; whether you want solitude or adventure, food tours or museum visits, hiking and climbing, or swimming and water sports, the island has it all. Don’t miss it during your next trip to Greece!

FAQs about Cephalonia

Featured Image Credit: Fæ, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons